Michael Hart and Project Gutenberg
March 8, 2013
I started
graduate school in
1970 at a
university with a multitude of
time-sharing computer terminals for student use. It was the yesteryear equivalent of giving every student a
laptop or
tablet computer. This was an
IBM System/360 implementation for which the time-sharing
programming language was
APL.
I always liked APL, probably because it was designed by a
mathematician,
Kenneth Iverson; but most of the other students were likely muttering the yesteryear equivalent of
WTF?, which was just
F![1] It was an
interpreted language, with instant gratification; it had useful
mathematical functions, such as
sorting, built into single
symbols; and it allowed processing of
alphabetic characters.
One interesting feature of the system, unknown to most students, was the ability to send short text messages between users who were logged-in at different terminals. Since I had both a student
account and a
research account, I decided to test this feature. It worked, and the ability to send a message across a room seemed
magical. This gives credence to
Arthur C. Clarke's law that any sufficiently advanced
technology is indistinguishable from magic.
My message was likely limited to 128 characters, or some small
power of two, so it was roughly equivalent to a
tweet, and it was a tweet that could only reach a single person. At roughly the same time, July 4, 1971,
Michael S. Hart was typing the
US Declaration of Independence into a
Xerox Sigma V mainframe computer at the
Materials Research Laboratory of the
University of Illinois. Michael Hart was born on this date in 1947.[2-6]
Hart got a copy of this text during a stop at a
grocery store after a
holiday fireworks display. Since his computer was linked to others through
ARPANET, the predecessor to today's
Internet, he had planned to
email it to everyone with email access. He was dissuaded from sending what would have been the first
spam message, so he instead posted a notice that the text was available for download.
Michael S. Hart, March 8, 1947 - September 6, 2011.
(Photo by Doug Bowman, Creative Commons licensed image from Flickr.)
We might not have heard about Michael Hart were it not for his continued production and posting of the electronic text of other
public domain documents, such as the
US Bill of Rights. All this early work was done by Hart, himself, but soon volunteers joined him in his goal of putting as much free content as possible up on the fledgling Internet. Early works posted were the
US Constitution, the
King James Bible, and
Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.
This effort, now called
Project Gutenberg, is the repository of more than 40,000 books, some in
languages other than
English, with a projected total number of books that might reach a million by 2021, the project's fiftieth anniversary.[3] One explanation of the project name is that
Johannes Gutenberg's printing press paved the way for books to reach beyond the
elite classes.[6]
These electronic texts were first encoded in
ASCII, the "plain-vanilla," universal text standard, but many are now also available in the common electronic book formats. Hart rightly chose the ASCII file format, which didn't depend on any propriety file format. The ASCII file format might lack text formatting features, but it contains the text in an always backwards-compatible rendition.[5]
Here's a short summary of Project Gutenberg's accomplishments.
One significant milestone occurred in October, 2003, when the book collection doubled in 18 months. This is essentially the "
Moore's Law" point for Project Gutenberg. Here's a summary of the number of books published in the Project's history.
More than 40,000 eBooks are now avaialble from Project Gutenberg, with a growth approximating an exponential function of time.
(Graph by the author, rendered using Gnumeric, from Project Gutenberg Statistics.)
Michael Hart, who died at age 64 on September 6, 2011, was an interesting character who was a lot like
Richard Stallman. Just as Stallman advocates
software freedom, Hart advocated an
Information Age freedom of the press that would allow everyone free access to the
world's intellectual corpus. Such a freedom has now become an essential
human right.
Hart's facility in both the literary and computer worlds might have derived from his
parents' professions. They were both
instructors at the University of Illinois, where his
mother, a
World War II cryptanalyst, taught mathematics, and his father taught
Shakespeare.[3] Hart grew up with
computers; and, being just a few months older than I am, it's not surprising that he and I both had home-built
CP/M computers.[5] Hart attended lectures at the university before he was a
high school student.[3]
Hart lived simply, not even owning a
mobile phone.[6] He did his own home and auto repairs, and built
electronic equipment, including computers, from discarded components.[2] He was the
author of two books that he donated to Project Gutenberg, "A Brief History of the Internet," and "Poems and Tales from Romania."[3] Project Gutenberg can only host donated or public domain items, and this highlights a recent problem with
copyright, at least in the
United States.
The Copyright Term Extension Act of 1998 effectively removed about a million books from the public domain by extending copyright term by twenty years.[3] In the first forty years of Project Gutenberg, the average lifetime of a copyrighted work increased from thirty to nearly a hundred years.
Librarians and
publishers petitioned the
US Supreme Court for redress in a test case,
Eldred v. Ashcroft, but the Court declared the law constitutional on January 15, 2003.
Michael Hart expressed his vision succinctly in July, 2011, a few months before his death,
"One thing about eBooks that most people haven't thought much is that eBooks are the very first thing that we're all able to have as much as we want other than air. Think about that for a moment and you realize we are in the right job." [2]
References:
- Although it looks like it, F! is not fifteen factorial.
- Gregory B. Newby, Michael Stern Hart (1947-2011), Project Gutenberg Web Site.
- William Grimes, "Michael Hart, a Pioneer of E-Books, Dies at 64," The New York Times, September 8, 2011.
- Shane Richmond, "Michael Hart, creator of the ebook, dies," Telegraph (UK), September 8, 2011.
- Michael Jon Jensen, "Michael Hart, 1947-2011, Defined the Landscape of Digital Publishing," The Chronicle of Higher Education, September 12, 2011.
- Michael Hart, The Economist, September 24, 2011.
- History of Project Gutenberg.
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